Research on the degradation pathways of ε-Polylysine hydrochloride in the human body

ε-Polylysine hydrochloride (ε-PL) is a natural antimicrobial peptide with broad-spectrum activity that has gained attention for its potential uses in food preservation and other applications. This article reviews the current understanding of the degradation pathways of ε-PL in the human body, including its metabolism, absorption, and excretion.

 

Introduction:

ε-Polylysine hydrochloride (ε-PL) is a natural antimicrobial peptide produced by bacterial fermentation. It has been widely studied for its potential applications in food preservation, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Understanding the degradation pathways of ε-PL in the human body is crucial for evaluating its safety and determining its potential uses in various industries. This article summarizes the existing research on the metabolism, absorption, and excretion of ε-PL in humans.

 

Background on ε-Polylysine Hydrochloride:

ε-PL is a linear homopolymer of lysine residues linked by ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds. It exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Its natural origin and safety profile have led to its recognition as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) substance by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

 

Degradation Pathways in the Human Body:

1. Metabolism:

ε-PL is metabolized in the human body primarily through enzymatic degradation. The enzymes involved in the degradation of ε-PL include proteases and peptidases, which cleave the peptide bonds between lysine residues. In vitro studies have shown that ε-PL is susceptible to degradation by gastric and pancreatic enzymes, indicating that it is likely to be broken down in the gastrointestinal tract.

 

2. Absorption:

The absorption of ε-PL in the human body is limited due to its molecular size and structure. Most of the ε-PL that enters the gastrointestinal tract is not absorbed intact but is instead degraded into smaller peptides and amino acids. Absorption studies indicate that only a small fraction of ε-PL is absorbed, primarily in the form of lysine and shorter peptides.

 

3. Excretion:

The majority of ε-PL is excreted unchanged or as degradation products via feces. The remaining fraction that is absorbed is primarily eliminated through the kidneys in the urine. Studies have shown that the excretion of ε-PL is rapid, with the majority of the ingested dose being excreted within 24 hours.

 

Research Findings:

1. In Vitro Studies:

In vitro studies have demonstrated that ε-PL is susceptible to degradation by gastric and pancreatic enzymes. These studies have provided insights into the specific enzymes and conditions that contribute to the degradation of ε-PL.

 

2. Animal Studies:

Animal studies have been conducted to evaluate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of ε-PL. These studies have shown that ε-PL is primarily excreted unchanged in feces and that the absorbed fraction is rapidly eliminated via the kidneys.

 

3. Human Studies:

Limited human studies have been conducted to assess the degradation and excretion of ε-PL. These studies have confirmed the findings from animal models and in vitro studies, showing that ε-PL is primarily excreted unchanged in feces and that a small fraction is absorbed and subsequently eliminated via the kidneys.

 

Safety Considerations:

The safety profile of ε-PL is well-established, with no significant adverse effects reported in clinical studies. The limited absorption and rapid excretion of ε-PL, along with its degradation into lysine and shorter peptides, contribute to its safety as a food additive and preservative.

 

Challenges and Future Directions:

1. Detailed Metabolic Pathways:

Further research is needed to elucidate the specific metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of ε-PL. Identifying the enzymes and conditions that influence the degradation process can provide insights into the safety and efficacy of ε-PL in various applications.

 

2. Long-Term Effects:

Long-term studies are required to evaluate the potential accumulation and long-term effects of ε-PL and its degradation products in the human body.

 

3. Bioavailability and Absorption:

Additional studies are warranted to better understand the bioavailability and absorption of ε-PL, particularly in different formulations and in combination with other food components.

 

Conclusion:

The degradation pathways of ε-Polylysine hydrochloride in the human body involve enzymatic degradation, limited absorption, and rapid excretion. Current research supports the safety and efficacy of ε-PL as a food preservative and additive. Ongoing studies are needed to further elucidate the specific metabolic pathways and long-term effects of ε-PL in the human body.